ABSTRACT
Background: Liver abscess (LA) is defined as an encapsulated collection of suppurative material within the liver parenchyma. Liver abscesses are most commonly due to bacterial, amoebic or mixed infections. Less commonly these may be fungal in origin. Liver abscess are associated with mortality of up to 20% and are categorized into various types based on aetiology, of which amoebic (ALA) and pyogenic (PLA) liver abscess are major types. The objective is to evaluate and assess the response of percutaneous pigtail catheter drainage in treatment of liver abscess and to document the complications of liver abscess (LA).Methods: The study was conducted on patients who were admitted from casualty and outpatient department with a diagnosis of liver abscess (LA). 100 patients of LA were included in the study. They were divided into two groups. Group 1 consists of LA patients without associated complications and Group 2 consists of LA patients with associated complications like rupture, jaundice, IVC compression, persistent or recurrent LA.Results: There were 88% males and 12% were females in the study. 30% patients had complications. Out of them, 14 (46.6%) patients of LA presented with intra-peritoneal rupture. 12 (40%) with jaundice, 2 (6.7%) with rupture into pleural cavity and 2 (6.7%) patients had IVC compression. (70%) had involvement of right lobe while minimum patients (12.9%) had bilateral lobe involvement in group 1 and (10%) had involvement of left lobe of liver in group 2.Conclusions: Pigtail insertion and percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) of abscesses, peritoneal or pleural cavity are safe procedures. PCD is a good alternative to open surgical drainage.
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted to examine the genetic divergence and to determine the genetic loci and genes associated with natural variation of grain zinc (Zn) concentration among 28 landraces, improved varieties and advanced breeding lines of rice using candidate gene specific primers. Field evaluation of the experimental material was conducted in randomized block design with three replications and Zn content in unpolished grains of the entries was determined by addition of nitric acid and perchloric acid (1:3) following the procedure ofdiacid digestion method. Statistical analysis revealed the exploitable extent of variability with respect to grain Zn concentration among the entries. Eighteen entries were selected from the two extremes of grain Zn distribution range and subjected to molecular profiling using a panel of 14 candidate genes specific 12 reported and 14 designed primer pairs. Only eight (OsZIP1-1, OsZIP3a, OsZIP4a, OsZIP5-3, OsZIP7-2, OsZIP8b, OsNRAMP7 and OsNAAT1) reported and eight (OsZIP3K, OsZIP4K, OsZIP5K, OsZIP7K, OsNRAMP7K, OsNAAT1K, OsNACK and OsYSL14K) designed primers generated polymorphic amplified products showing sequence length variation due to targeted amplification of candidate genes specific genomic regions. Ample genetic differentiation and divergence were revealed among the entries, which were accommodated into similarity coefficient-based six clusters, remarkably consistent with grain Zn concentrationof the entries. Hierarchical classification pattern of entries was almost completely corroborated by principal co-ordinate analysisbased spatial distribution pattern of their genetic profiles. Molecular analysis based on candidate genes specific primers appeared to be an efficient approach for the elucidation of genetic differentiation and divergence in relation to variation of grain Zn concentration among entries. Hence, these markers can be effectively and efficiently utilized for grain Zn concentration related discrimination of rice genotypes and selection of parental genotypes for grain Zn biofortification. Microsatellites were detected within the candidate genes and amplicons, thereby providing a basis to deduce that the repeat sequence length variation in candidate genes may be a role player in the differential grain Zn accumulation in rice varieties. Single marker analysis established the association of OsNACK, OsZIP1-1, OsNRAMP7 and OsNRAMP7K with grain Zn concentration. Thus, these four markers can be effectively used in marker-assisted selection programme for grainZn biofortification in rice.
ABSTRACT
In the present investigation, the compound responsible for antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties in methanolic extract of leaves of Murraya koenigii L. was determined by Perkin- Elmer GC Claurus 500 system and Gas Chromatograph interfaced to a Mass Spectrometer GC/MS technique. GC-MS analysis of methanol extract of the leaves of the plant revealed the existence of 1- Methyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (69.00%), Ethyl α-d glucopyranoside (13.36%), Isolongifolene, Isolongifolene (3.68%), c-Himachalene (2.88%), 1,2-Ethanediol, monoacetate (2.79%), 1,2- Benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-isooctyl ester (2.55%). The pure compounds were separated using a Shimadzo LC 2010 HPLC system (Kyoto, Japan), equipped with a Shimadzo LC 2010 UV-VIS detector with a thermostated flow cell and a selectable two wavelengths of 190 - 370 nm or 371–600nm. These were further screened for their antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. All the compounds possessed some or the other activity. It was found that the compound 9, 12 octadecadienoic acid having the retention time 18.81 and the peak area 0.60 % had potent antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The compound showed potent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, E.coli, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum at MIC value from 0.05-0.56 μg/ml. The compound showed less activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in comparison to other pathogens. The compound possessed to have strong antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 45.65 μg/ml as measured by DPPH assay. The compound possessed 85 % reduction in paw edema at a dose of 150 μg/ml in reference to standard anti-inflammatory drug, aspirin which showed 68.62 % reduction. The compound was further assayed for cellular toxicity to fresh sheep erythrocytes and found to have no cellular toxicity.